VMBO Year 3 · Reproduction and sexuality · Section 2.2

The female reproductive system

What belongs to the female reproductive system?

The female reproductive system includes external and internal sex organs. The external vulva includes the outer and inner labia, the visible part of the clitoris and the vaginal opening. Internal organs include the ovaries, oviducts and uterus.

External sex organs

The outer labia are folds of skin that usually develop hair during puberty. The inner labia lie between them. Secretions around the vaginal opening help keep the area moist. At the front is the sensitive glans of the clitoris. Most of the clitoris lies beneath the skin and contains erectile tissue that fills with blood during arousal.

Internal sex organs

The ovaries already contain immature egg cells at birth. After puberty, an egg usually matures and is released about once per menstrual cycle. The funnel-shaped end of an oviduct, or fallopian tube, helps collect it. The oviduct carries the egg towards the uterus. Fertilisation can occur in an oviduct. After fertilisation and implantation, an embryo can develop in the uterus.

The vagina as a connection

The vagina connects the cervix at the lower end of the uterus to the outside of the body. During vaginal intercourse, semen may enter the vagina.

Hygiene and health

Moisture and secretions can collect between the folds of the vulva. The outside can be washed gently with water. Soap and internal washing may irritate the area or disturb its natural balance. Female genital mutilation, sometimes called female circumcision, involves injuring or removing parts of the external genitalia. It is harmful and can cause serious physical and psychological complications.